A string is a sequence of bytes or characters, enclosed within either single quote (“'”) or double quote (“"”) characters. Examples:

'a string'
"another string"

Quoted strings placed next to each other are concatenated to a single string. The following lines are equivalent:

'a string'
'a' ' ' 'string'

If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is enabled, string literals can be quoted only within single quotes because a string quoted within double quotes is interpreted as an identifier.

As of MySQL 4.1.1, a binary string is a string of bytes that has no character set or collation. A nonbinary string is a string of characters that has a character set and collation. For both types of strings, comparisons are based on the numeric values of the string unit. For binary strings, the unit is the byte. For nonbinary strings the unit is the character and some character sets allow multi-byte characters. Character value ordering is a function of the string collation.

Also as of MySQL 4.1.1, string literals may have an optional character set introducer and COLLATE clause:

[_charset_name]'string' [COLLATE collation_name]

Examples:

SELECT _latin1'string';
SELECT _latin1'string' COLLATE latin1_danish_ci;

You can use N'literal' (or n'literal') to create a string in the national character set. These statements are equivalent:

SELECT N'some text';
SELECT n'some text';
SELECT _utf8'some text';

For more information about these forms of string syntax, see Section 9.1.3.5, “Character String Literal Character Set and Collation”, and Section 9.1.3.6, “National Character Set”.

Within a string, certain sequences have special meaning. Each of these sequences begins with a backslash (“\”), known as the escape character. MySQL recognizes the following escape sequences.

For all other escape sequences, backslash is ignored. That is, the escaped character is interpreted as if it was not escaped. For example, “\x” is just “x”.

These sequences are case sensitive. For example, “\b” is interpreted as a backspace, but “\B” is interpreted as “B”.

The ASCII 26 character can be encoded as “\Z” to enable you to work around the problem that ASCII 26 stands for END-OF-FILE on Windows. ASCII 26 within a file causes problems if you try to use mysql db_name < file_name.

Escape processing is done according to the character set indicated by the character_set_connection system variable. This is true even for strings that are preceded by an introducer that indicates a different character set, as discussed in Section 9.1.3.5, “Character String Literal Character Set and Collation”.

The “\%” and “\_” sequences are used to search for literal instances of “%” and “_” in pattern-matching contexts where they would otherwise be interpreted as wildcard characters. See the description of the LIKE operator in Section 11.4.1, “String Comparison Functions”. If you use “\%” or “\_” outside of pattern-matching contexts, they evaluate to the strings “\%” and “\_”, not to “%” and “_”.

There are several ways to include quote characters within a string:

The following SELECT statements demonstrate how quoting and escaping work:

mysql> SELECT 'hello', '"hello"', '""hello""', 'hel''lo', '\'hello';
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
| hello | "hello" | ""hello"" | hel'lo | 'hello |
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+

mysql> SELECT "hello", "'hello'", "''hello''", "hel""lo", "\"hello";
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
| hello | 'hello' | ''hello'' | hel"lo | "hello |
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+

mysql> SELECT 'This\nIs\nFour\nLines';
+--------------------+
| This
Is
Four
Lines |
+--------------------+

mysql> SELECT 'disappearing\ backslash';
+------------------------+
| disappearing backslash |
+------------------------+

If you want to insert binary data into a string column (such as a BLOB column), the following characters must be represented by escape sequences.

When writing application programs, any string that might contain any of these special characters must be properly escaped before the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is sent to the MySQL server. You can do this in two ways: