.\" $NetBSD: boot.8,v 1.15.4.1 2019/09/02 16:39:23 martin Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Christopher G. Demetriou .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed for the .\" NetBSD Project. See http://www.NetBSD.org/ for .\" information about NetBSD. .\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" <> .\" .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by .\" the Systems Programming Group of the University of Utah Computer .\" Science Department. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)boot_hp300.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94 .\" .Dd February 17, 2017 .Dt BOOT 8 alpha .Os .Sh NAME .Nm boot .Nd Alpha system bootstrapping procedures .Sh DESCRIPTION .Tn DEC .Tn Alpha systems can have either of two different firmware systems: .Tn ARC .Pq a.k.a. Tn AlphaBIOS , and .Tn SRM . Some .Tn Alpha systems have both in their flash .Tn RAM and can switch between them on command. .Tn ARC is used to bootstrap Microsoft Windows NT for .Tn Alpha . .Tn SRM is used to bootstrap .Tn OpenVMS and .Tn Ultrix . .Nx requires .Tn SRM . .Pp .Tn SRM can bootstrap from supported local storage devices, e.g., .Tn IDE disks or .Tn CD-ROM drives, .Tn SCSI disks or .Tn CD-ROM drives, and floppy drives. .Tn SRM can also network bootstrap via supported .Tn Ethernet interfaces, using .Tn BOOTP or .Tn MOP . The particular capabilities of .Tn SRM will vary from system to system. .Pp When .Tn SRM boots the system, it performs a Power On Self Test .Pq Tn POST , probes the system busses to identify devices, and initializes them. .Tn SRM includes an x86 instruction emulator in order to run the .Tn BIOS initialization routines found in the .Tn PROM of any video cards found. In this way, most generic .Tn PCI video cards can work in .Tn Alpha systems that have .Tn PCI bus slots. .Pp .Tn SRM then examines the state of one of several variables: .Ev auto_action . If the value of .Ev auto_action is .Qq halt then .Tn SRM will stop, print its prompt: .Qq >>> and wait for commands to be entered on the console. If the value of .Ev auto_action is .Qq boot then .Tn SRM will automatically bootstrap the operating system specified by various non-volatile environment variables. .Pp .Tn SRM device names are not the same as in .Nx , e.g., .Sy ewa0 is a .Tn DEC .Qq tulip .Tn Ethernet interface, .Sy dka0 is a .Tn SCSI disk on a recognized controller, .Sy dqa0 is an .Tn IDE disk on a recognized controller. The .Ic show device command will list all the devices that .Tn SRM can bootstrap from. .Ss SRM Commands .Tn SRM is somewhat .Ux Ns No -like in that it incorporates a simple pipe and I/O redirection, which allows command sequences like: .Pp .Bd -literal -offset indent show config | more show * | more .Ed .Pp An essential but incomplete list of .Tn SRM commands follows: .\" .Pp .\" .Bl -tag -width "boot [-file filename] [-flags value] [-protocols enet_protocol] [device]" .\" .It Ic boot Oo Fl file Ar filename Oc Oo Fl flags Ar value Oc Oo Fl protocols Ar enet_protocol Oc Op Ar device .Pp .Ic boot .Op Fl file Ar filename .Op Fl flags Ar value .\" .Op Fl protocols Ar enet_protocol .Op Ar device .Pp Boot an operating system. The default arguments for this command are taken from the .Tn SRM environment variables: .Pp .Bl -tag -compact -width "boot_osflags" -offset indent .It Ev boot_file file name to bootstrap. .It Ev boot_osflags flags to pass to the secondary bootstrap program. .It Ev bootdef_dev default bootstrap device. .El .\" .It Ic help Op Ar command .Pp .Ic help Op Ar command .Pp Invoke the .Tn SRM help system. .\" .It Ic set Ar variable Ar value .Pp .Ic init .Pp Reset the .Tn SRM console, and take actions as specified by .Tn SRM variables. .Pp .Ic set Ar variable Ar value Op Fl default .Pp Set an .Tn SRM variable, e.g., .Bd -literal -offset indent set auto_action boot set bootdef_dev dka0 set ewa0_mode auto .Ed .Pp If the .Fl default flag is used, the variable will be set to its default value. .\" .It Ic show Ar variable or subsystem .Pp .Ic show Ar variable or subsystem .Pp Show .Tn SRM variables and values, or show system state or configuration. If a wildcard is used, then all matching .Tn SRM variables are shown, e.g., .Pp .Bl -tag -width "show device" -compact -offset indent .It Ic show \&* will display all .Tn SRM variables. .It Ic show b* will display all variables whose names begin with .Em b . .It Ic show config will display the complete system configuration. .It Ic show device will display all bootable devices. .It Ic show memory will display the system's memory configuration. .El .\" .El .Ss SRM Variables .Bl -tag -width "ew*0_protocols" .It Ev auto_action What .Tn SRM will do at system startup or reset: .Bl -tag -width boot .It Ar boot automatically bootstrap the operating system. .It Ar halt after .Tn POST , prompt the user on the console for commands to execute. .El .Pp Some .Tn Alpha systems .Pq e.g., Tn AlphaServer 800 have a .Qq halt switch, which if set, will override the action of this variable, and cause .Tn SRM to stop after .Tn POST and prompt the user for commands to execute. .It Ev bootdef_dev The default bootstrap device, e.g., .Sy dka0 , .Sy dqa0 , .Sy ewa0 . The .Ic show device command will list the available and recognized bootable devices. .It Ev boot_file The file to bootstrap from; this is a null string by default. .It Ev boot_osflags The flag passed to the secondary bootstrap program, and the .Nx kernel: .Bl -tag -width "XXXX" .It Sy a .Pq automatic multi-user mode bootstrap. .It Sy c crash dump immediately after .Xr autoconf 4 , if the .Nx kernel is compiled with .Dv DEBUG ; See .Xr options 4 . .It Sy d break into the debugger ASAP, if the .Nx kernel is compiled with .Dv DDB or .Dv KGDB ; See .Xr options 4 . .It Sy h on a reboot request from the .Nx kernel, halt the system instead of rebooting. .It Sy i the .Nx secondary bootstrap program will stop and prompt for the .Nx kernel file name to bootstrap. .It Sy n the .Nx kernel will ask for the root file system's device, the kernel core dump device, and the path to .Xr init 8 . .It Sy q bootstrap quietly. .It Sy s single-user mode bootstrap. .It Sy v bootstrap verbosely. .El .Pp These may be used in combinations that are not mutually exclusive. These options are case-insensitive to be compatible with .Tn DEC operating systems. .It Ev console What type of console device .Tn SRM and .Nx will use: .Bl -tag -width "graphics" .It Ar graphics use a video card for output, and a .Tn PC keyboard for input. .It Ar serial use the first serial port for console. .El .Pp Just as with .Tn Sun systems, .Tn Alpha systems will use the first serial port as a console if there is no keyboard plugged into the keyboard port, even if .Ev console is set to .Qq graphics . .It Ev ew*0_mode The media and speed for .Tn DEC .Qq tulip Ethernet interfaces .Po e.g., .Tn DECchip 21040, 21140, 21143 .Pc ; possible values are: .Ic auto .Po .Tn IEEE 802.3u .Qq Nway negotiation .Pc , .Ic BNC , .Ic AUI , .Ic Twisted-Pair , .Ic FastFD .Pq Fast Full Duplex . .It Ev ew*0_protocols The protocol to use when netbooting, i.e., .Tn MOP .Pq Maintenance Operations Protocol , or .Tn BOOTP .Pq Bootstrap Protocol . .Pp The .Tn Alpha .Tn SRM firmware is picky about .Tn BOOTP responses; the .Xr dhcpd.conf 5 on the server needs the .Pp .Bd -literal -offset indent always-reply-rfc1048 on; .Ed .Pp directive in the section for netbooting .Tn Alpha systems. .It Ev os_type This determines which system firmware will be used after the next power-cycle, if both .Tn ARC and .Tn SRM are present in .Tn Flash RAM . This should be set to any of .Qq Ux , .Qq osf , or .Qq vms to select the .Tn SRM console required for .Nx . .Tn OSF refers to the Open Software Foundation. .El .Ss After bootstrap Once the .Nx Ns Tn /alpha kernel is booted normally it initializes itself and proceeds to start the system. An automatic consistency check of the file systems takes place, and unless this fails, the system comes up to multi-user operation. .Pp The proper way to shut the system down is with the .Xr shutdown 8 command. .Pp If the system crashes, it will enter the kernel debugger, .Xr ddb 4 , if it is configured in the kernel. If the crash occurred during initialization and the debugger is not present or is exited, the kernel will halt the system. .Pp If the crash occurred during normal operation and the debugger is not present or is exited, the system will attempt a dump to the configured dump device (which will be automatically recovered with .Xr savecore 8 during the next bootstrap cycle), and after the dump is complete (successful or not) the kernel will attempt a reboot. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660 -compact .It Pa /boot .Nx secondary bootstrap program .Pq installed .It Pa /netbsd default .Nx system kernel .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660 primary bootstrap for .Dq cd9660 .Pq Tn ISO 9660 file system .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs primary bootstrap for .Dq ffs file system .Pq Berkeley Fast File System .It Pa /usr/mdec/boot secondary bootstrap .It Pa /usr/mdec/netboot network bootstrap .It Pa /usr/mdec/ustarboot .Dq ustar disk and tape bootstrap .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr ddb 4 , .Xr alpha/mkbootimage 8 , .Xr alpha/setnetbootinfo 8 , .Xr diskless 8 , .Xr init 8 , .Xr installboot 8 , .Xr rc 8 , .Xr reboot 8 , .Xr savecore 8 , .Xr shutdown 8 .Rs .%T "Alpha Architecture Reference Manual Third Edition" .%Q "Alpha Architecture Committee" .%I "Digital Press" .%D 1998 .Re .Sh BUGS The device names used by .Nx Ns Tn /alpha and the .Tn SRM Console often have no relation to each other.